A typical marketing plan has three major parts. The first is direction — your objectives for the planning period. The second is a statement of what you are going to do and the third describes how you will do it. Your task is to create the optimum combination of strategy and action that will achieve your objectives. Declare your dependence on strategic thinking and free your mind to create new ways to reach your goals. Here is how to do that.
The interaction of marketing planning and strategic thinking is demonstrated in the following example beginning with the understanding that marketing objectives evolve from your financial objectives. For instance, if you want to earn $100,000 in profit and your target profit margin is 10% on sales, then you must set a goal of $1,000,000 in sales revenue. With an average list price of $14.95 on a book sold through a distributor discounting sales at 65%, you would receive $5.23 per sale. Therefore, you would have to sell 191,205 books to generate $1,000,000 of revenue.
If last year you sold 145,000 books, then your unit sales would have to increase by 32%. With this in mind your goals would read:
• Achieve total sales revenue of $1,000,000 by 12/31/20XX
• Increase unit sales volume by 32% to 191,205 over the planning period
Now the challenge becomes a quest to find out what you can do to reach these targets. This can be done through strategic thinking, the process of creating new approaches to implementing your marketing plan and matching them to your skills, resources and changing market opportunities. Such a practice is most easily accomplished by dividing your thinking into the four arenas of marketing.
1. Product-line planning. If you can change the content of your product line, you may spread the unit sales projections out over more titles. For instance, you might publish a new title with a list price of $16.95 or add a hardcover version for $29.95. Or, you could lower your price on some items by introducing a series of booklets for $4.95 each. Expand your definition of “product” to include your seminars and workshops for $295.
2. Pricing. Costs should have some bearing on your ultimate price, but not as much as value, distribution discounts, competitive issues and market need.
3. Distribution. Your selection of distribution channels has more impact on your bottom line than almost any other decision you will make. There are four basic distribution strategies from which to choose: indirect distribution, special sales, direct marketing and some combination of the three.
Indirect marketing employs a reseller that takes your books on consignment and resells them to the ultimate buyer. Of course, there is the traditional system that utilizes all or some portion of the distributor — wholesaler — bookstore arrangement. But indirect marketing also makes use of middlemen in non-traditional channels such as sales to warehouse clubs, discount stores and supermarkets. Most publishers employ indirect marketing, but often to the exclusion of the non-traditional outlets.
Special sales (non-retail marketing) entails selling books to someone for use as promotional items rather than for resale. It is the descriptive phrase for sales to corporations, associations and organizations. Special sales includes niche marketing to specialty stores related to your titles. topics (car dealers, hair salons, pet stores), too. Sales to catalog and book clubs also fit into this category.
Direct marketing occurs when you bypass a distribution network and deal directly with the buyers. This technique involves selling through direct mail, telemarketing, email, during personal presentations or via your web site.
4. Promotion. The promotion mix that you employ is influenced by your distribution choices and your decision to use a push or pull strategy. Push marketing is directed to the members of your distribution channel. Pull marketing drives readers to seek your titles in retail outlets.
A balanced promotional mix should contain a combination of push and pull. For instance, you might provide your distributor’s salespeople with promotional devices or literature. At the same time, you could arrange print publicity and appear on television and radio shows to drive the general public to the outlets selling your books.
Find a new path
Now that you have evaluated alternative ways to reach your objectives, it is time to organize all your strategic thinking into a proactive marketing plan. For example, if you have a line of titles related to careers, then your path to success might resemble this:
Product/Price decisions. Publish one new title at $16.95, a workshop about job interviewing for $295 and a new line of job-search booklets with a unit price of $4.95.
Distribution decisions. Segment your markets into separate niches with different needs for career information. The resulting combined distribution network would reach the general public through bookstores and libraries, and college students, corporations and state governments through direct marketing.
Promotion decisions. Balance your promotional mix with both push and pull marketing activities. First, schedule appearances on television and radio shows to drive people to retail stores and your web site. Then contact Career Placement Officers, parents of college students, corporate HR executives and state unemployment offices through direct marketing and personal presentations.
Although the total revenue goal remains firm, your path to it has changed. With your new average selling price of $16.95 (nets $5.58 per sale) you could actually sell (26,000) fewer books than last year to reach the same revenue. And if you plan to sell 5,000 books to colleges and corporations, 4,000 hardcover books to parents of college students at list price via direct mail, 50,000 booklets to colleges, state governments and corporations and one seminar per month, your new objective would read:
• Achieve total sales revenue of over $1,000,000 by 12/31/20XX by reaching these unit sales volume targets:
110,000 |
@ $ 5.58 |
$613,800 |
5,000 |
@ $ 16.95 |
$ 84,750 |
4,000 |
@ $ 29.95 |
$119,800 |
50,000 booklets |
@ $ 4.95 |
$247,500 |
12 seminars |
@ $295.00 |
$ 3,540 |
119,000 books $1,069,390
This strategy offers many benefits including a broader base for generating revenue in terms of product selection and customer segments. In addition, it will reduce your reliance on bookstore sales. Profit as a percentage of sales increases since direct and special-sales customers pay in 30 days, do not return books and pay shipping expenses. Your product-development techniques will become well entrenched and your new strategic-thinking abilities will help you in all areas of your business.
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